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The African Experience
![](3D"master05_image001.gif")
The African Experience
![](3D"master04_background.gif")
![](3D"master04_image002.gif")
=
1000 C.E Bantu had spread as primary linguistic and ethnic group throughout Sub-=
=
Saharan Africa.
Mastered Iron and had spread the skill throughout.
Agricultural advancements-Iron, Banana, and Irrigation lead to population boom. 3.5-22 =
million in just 600 years.
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The African Experience
Africas
politics reflects its extraordinary diversity
Stateless societies means: no bureaucracy or =
hierarchy of officials.
Governed by family and kinships…male family heads and patriarchal leaders acting as =
“chiefs”.
Confederate in that villages would unite to =
form “districts”.
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The African Experience
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The African Experience
North Africa: Egypt and Nubia saw <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:37.75%;left:12.17%;width:79.4%;height:7.5%'=
>more
formal forms of traditional monarchies
West African Forest peoples saw the evolution
of secret societies.
Fragmentation and tribal governments =
were
the most common.
Still constant features in Africa.
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The African Experience
The migration of Bantu speakers
gave a common linguistic base for much of Africa
Animist=
ic
religion, a belief in natural forces personified as gods,
was common, with well-developed concepts =
of
good and evil.
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The African Experience
Priests
guided religious practices for community benefit.
African religions provided a cosmology and a guide to <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:47.0%;left:12.17%;width:79.4%;height:5.5%'>=
ethical behavior.=
Many Africans believed in a creator deity whose power was expressed through lesser spirits and =
ancestors.
Families, lineages, and=
clans
had an important role in dea=
ling
with gods. Deceased ancestor=
s were
a link to the spiritual w=
orld;
they retained importance after world
religions appeared.
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The African Experience
African economies were extremely diversified.
North Africa was integrated into the world economy, but sub-Saharan regions had varying structures.
Settled agriculture and iron-working were present in many areas before postclassical times, with specialization encouraging regional trade and =
urbanization.&nbs=
p;
International trade increased in some regions, mainly <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:73.0%;left:12.17%;width:86.51%;height:5.5%'=
>toward the Islamic world. Both women and men =
were important in market life. In general Africans exchanged raw materials for manufactured goods.
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The African Experience
Trans-Saharan trade, previously
impossible thanks to the Came=
l changed African History.
Unique goods moving across
the forbidding contin=
ent
but also…ideas.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Islam.
Did you know…Camels can
run at a pace of 30 MPH!&#=
13;
![3D"Dromedary,](3D"slide0009_image006.jpg")
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The African Experience
![3D"Ibn](3D"slide0016_image008.jpg")
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The African Experience
North
Africa was an integral part of the
classical Mediterranean civilization.
From
the mid 7th century Muslim armies
pushed westward from Egypt =
across
the regions called Ifriqi=
ya by
the Romans and the Maghr=
ib
(the west) by the Arabs.
By
711 they crossed into Spain. Conversion was rapid, but initial unity soon divided North Africa soon into competing Muslim states.
In
the 11th century reforming Muslim
Berbers, the Almoravids of the
western Sahara, controlled lands extending
between the southern savan=
na and
into Spain.
![3D"Image:Almoravid-empire-en.svg"](3D"slide0010_image010.gif")
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The African Experience
![3D"Image:NE](3D"slide0011_image012.jpg")
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The African Experience
=
In the 12th century another group, the Almohads, succeeded them. Islam, with its =
principle of the equality of believers, won African.
=
The unity of the political and religious worlds appealed to many rulers. Social disparities =
continued, between ethnicities and men and =
women, the former stimulating later reform =
=
movements.
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The African Experience
Ghana controlled the gold trade
across SS Africa.
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The African Experience
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The African Experience
=
Began attracting Muslim merchants.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%'>Saw the origins in the trade of humans.
Led to prominent urban centers such as Koumbi-Saleh
Attracted Qadi, such as Ibn Battuta.
![3D"Image:IbnBattuta.jpg"](3D"slide0015_image016.jpg")
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The African Experience
![3D"Ibn](3D"slide0018_image018.jpg")
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The African Experience
![](3D"slide0027_image020.jpg")
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The African Experience
Absor=
bed
Ghana under Sundiata in the 13th century.
Mali, along the Senegal and Niger rivers, was formed among the Malinke peoples who broke away from =
Ghana in the 13th century.
Ruler
authority was strengthened by Islam.
Agriculture, combined with the gold trade, was the economic base of the state. The ruler (mansa)=
Sundiata (d. 1260) receives credit for Malinke expansion and for a governing system based upon clan structure.&n=
bsp;
Sundiata's successors in this wealthy state extended Mali's control through most of the Niger valley to=
near the Atlantic coast.
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The African Experience
Peak of Mali’s power
Mansa Kankan Musa’s pilgrimage
to Mecca during the 14th ce=
ntury became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way. He
returned with an
architect, Ishak al-Sahili=
who
created a distinctive Sudani=
c architecture utilizing beaten clay.
![3D"Image:Mansa](3D"slide0019_image022.jpg")
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The African Experience
He arrived in Cairo at the head of a huge caravan, which
included 60,000 people and 80
camels carrying more than two tons of gold to be distributed among the poor. Of the 12,000 servants who accompanied the =
caravan, 500 carried staffs of pure gold. <=
/span>Moussa spent lavishly in Egypt, giving away so many gold gifts—and making gold so plentiful—that its value fell in Cairo and d=
id =
not recover for a number of years
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The African Experience
In Cairo, the Sultan of Egypt received Musa with great respect, as a fellow Muslim. The splendor of=
his caravan caused a sensation and brought Mansa Musa =
and the Mali Empire fame throughout the Arab world=
. Mali had become so famous by the fourteenth century that it began to draw the attention of European mapmakers.
After visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina on <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:67.25%;left:11.42%;width:92.88%;height:5.5%=
'>his pilgrimage, Musa set out to build great mosque=
s, vast libraries, and madrasas (Islamic universities) throughout his kingdom. Many Arab scholars, including the poet and architect, Abu-Ishaq Ibrahi=
m-es-Saheli, who helped turn Timbuktu into a famous =
city of Islamic scholarship, returned with him.
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The African Experience
![3D"Image:Great](3D"slide0022_image024.jpg")
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The African Experience
Dependent on trade&=
#8230;maritime
trade.
Saw more urbanization than
the interior.
Strong presence of Islamic
merchants.
Cultural diffusion: Persia,
China, and India had
prominent presences.
Ibn Battuta.
![3D"Ibn](3D"slide0023_image026.jpg")
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The African Experience
![3D"The](3D"slide0024_image028.jpg")
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The African Experience
As many as 30 towns flourished,
their number including Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi,
Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar. <=
/span>From
the 13th to the 15th century Kilwa was the most important. All were tied together
by coastal commerce and by an inland caravan trade.
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The African Experience
The expansion of Islamic influence in the =
Indian Ocean facilitated commerce.
It built a common bond between rulers and trading families, and allowed them to operate =
under the cover of a common culture.
Apart from rulers and merchants, most of the population, even in the towns, retained African beliefs.&=
nbsp;
A dynamic culture developed, using Swahili as its language, and incorporating African and =
Islamic practices
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------=_NextPart_01C84DFE.22CE5A80
Content-Location: file:///C:/2AC444C5/TheAfricanExperience_files/script.js
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii"
function LoadSld()
{
var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09
sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
return
}
if( MakeNotesVis() ) return
runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
=09
if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
InitHLinkArray()
if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
document.body.scroll=3D"no"
_RSW()
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
FullScrInit();
=09
MakeSldVis();
ChkAutoAdv()
if( runAnimations )
{
if( document.all("NSPlay") )
document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;
if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
else
document.body.start();
}
}
function MakeSldVis()=20
{
var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
if( fTrans )=09
{
if( g_bgSound ) {
idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
}
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09
}
SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( fTrans )
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()=20
{
if( !IsNts() ) return false=20
SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
parent.SetHasNts(0)
if( nObj ) {=20
nObj.style.display=3D""
parent.SetHasNts(1)
}
return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
if(SldHasTrans())
SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
else
AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
var sld=3DGetCurSld()
if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId()=20
{
var regExp =3D /file:\/\/\//i
var pos =3D location.href.search(regExp)
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "" && pos !=3D -1)
sId =3D location.href.substring(pos)
else
{
sId =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(location.href);
var regExp =3D /\//
var fixedHref =3D sId
var pos =3D -1
=09
pos =3D fixedHref.search(regExp)
while (pos !=3D -1)
{
fixedHref =3D fixedHref.replace(regExp, "\\")
pos =3D fixedHref.search(regExp)
}
=09
if (g_fBaseHyperlink =3D=3D true)
sId =3D "file:///" + fixedHref;
else
sId =3D fixedHref.substring(fixedHref.lastIndexOf('\\') + 1)
}
=09
return sId
}
function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl=
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function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
&& navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
if( msie >=3D 0 )
ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
else
ver=3DparseInt(appVer)
return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
return
var padding=3D0;
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6
cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH
newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1
s=3DSlideObj.style
s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds )
gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
}
}
}
function _KDH()
{
if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
event.returnValue =3D 0;
parent.GoToPrevSld();
}
}
var g_HLinkArray =3D new Array();
=20
function IMapAreaObj( areaObj, coords )
{
this.areaObj =3D areaObj;
this.coords =3D coords;
}
function InitHLinkArray()
{
var appVer =3D navigator.appVersion;
var msie =3D appVer.indexOf ( "MSIE " )
var ver =3D 0;
if ( msie >=3D 0 )
ver =3D parseInt ( appVer.substring( msie+5 ) );
linkNum =3D 0;
for (i=3D0; i 4 ) )
g_HLinkArray[linkNum++] =3D new IMapAreaObj( areaObj, ParseCoords( ar=
eaObj.coords ) );
}
}
function ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
{ =20
for ( ii=3D0; ii< g_HLinkArray.length; ii++) {
coordsStr=3D"";
imaObj =3D g_HLinkArray[ii];
for ( jj=3D0; jj < imaObj.coords.length-1; jj++ )
coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor) + ",";
coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor);
imaObj.areaObj.coords =3D coordsStr;
}
}
function ParseCoords( coordsStr )
{
var numArray =3D new Array();
var i =3D curPos =3D commaPos =3D 0;
while ( ( commaPos =3D coordsStr.indexOf(",", curPos) ) !=3D -1 ) {=20
numArray[i++] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos, commaPos ) );
curPos =3D commaPos + 1;
}
numArray[i] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos ) );
return numArray;
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;
if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) ||
(event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) )
parent.GoToNextSld();
}
var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va=
r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;
var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram=
es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D27, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_=
HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false;
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
"slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("=
slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0007.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
ide0008.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli=
de0016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
e0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide=
0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0014.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0=
015.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0018.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00=
27.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0017.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide001=
9.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0021=
.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.=
htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0025.h=
tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1));
/*********************************************
Frameset functions
These functions control slide navigation
and state of the frameset.
**********************************************/
function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)
{
var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i;
return href.replace(regExp, "")
}
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{=09
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20
if (End < Start)=20
return href.substring(0, Start)=20
else=20
return href.substring(0, End)=20
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
// Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other=
wise,
// in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod=
e.
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{=20
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{ =20
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else =20
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{ =20
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
=09
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref=
))
else
PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref)
=09
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href))
else
PPTSld.location.replace(href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
=09
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
var dir =3D doc.body.dir
if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
/*********************************************
Navigation button implementation
There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
implemented as function objects. They share
a similiar interface so the event handlers
can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
object without needing to know exactly=20
what type of button it is.
**********************************************/
//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{ =20
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{ =20
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if
<=
/div>
------=_NextPart_01C84DFE.22CE5A80
Content-Location: file:///C:/2AC444C5/TheAfricanExperience_files/pres.xml
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8"
‹#›
The African Experience
------=_NextPart_01C84DFE.22CE5A80
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States and Societies of
Sub-Saharan Africa
Migrations and demographics
=
1000 C.E Bantu had spread as primary linguistic and ethnic group throughout Sub-=
=
Saharan Africa.
Stateless societies
Africas
politics reflects its extraordinary diversity
Stateless societies means: no bureaucracy or =
hierarchy of officials.
Governed by family and kinships…male family heads and patriarchal leaders acting as =
“chiefs”.
Confederate in that villages would unite to =
form “districts”.Evolution to Empire
Led
to more centralized governments and eventually kingdoms whi=
ch absorbed
others to form small empires.Alternative Governm=
ents
in Africa
Common Elements of
African Societies
The migration of Bantu speakers
gave a common linguistic base for much of Africa
Animist=
ic
religion, a belief in natural forces personified as gods,
was common, with well-developed concepts =
of
good and evil. Common Elements
Priests
guided religious practices for community benefit.
African religions provided a cosmology and a guide to <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:47.0%;left:12.17%;width:79.4%;height:5.5%'>=
ethical behavior.=
Many Africans believed in a creator deity whose power was expressed through lesser spirits and =
ancestors.
Families, lineages, and=
clans
had an important role in dea=
ling
with gods. Deceased ancestor=
s were
a link to the spiritual w=
orld;
they retained importance after world
religions appeared. Economics
African economies were extremely diversified.
North Africa was integrated into the world economy, Settled agriculture and iron-working were present in International trade increased in some regions, mainly <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:73.0%;left:12.17%;width:86.51%;height:5.5%'=
>toward the Islamic world. Both women and men =
were important in market life. In general Africans exchanged raw materials for manufactured goods.Trade changes Africa
Trans-Saharan trade, previously
impossible thanks to the Came=
l changed African History.
Unique goods moving across
the forbidding contin=
ent
but also…ideas.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Islam.
Did you know…Camels can
run at a pace of 30 MPH!&#=
13;•
Islam
North
Africa was an integral part of the
classical Mediterranean civilization.
From
the mid 7th century Muslim armies
pushed westward from Egypt =
across
the regions called Ifriqi=
ya by
the Romans and the Maghr=
ib
(the west) by the Arabs.
By
711 they crossed into Spain. Conversion was rapid, but initial In
the 11th century reforming Muslim
Berbers, the Almoravids of the
western Sahara, controlled lands extending
between the southern savan=
na and
into Spain.
Almohads
=
In the 12th century another group, the Almohads, succeeded them. Islam, with its =
The unity of the political and religious worlds appealed to many rulers. Social disparities =
continued, between ethnicities and men and =
women, the former stimulating later reform =
=
movements.
Powerful Islamic States: Ghana
Ghana controlled the gold trade
across SS Africa.
Extensive
use of horses, powerful cavalry.
Gold Trade
=
Began attracting Muslim merchants.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%'>Saw the origins in the trade of humans.
Kingdom of Mali
Mali, along the Senegal and Niger rivers, was formed Ruler
authority was strengthened by Islam.
Agriculture, combined with the gold trade, was the economic base of the state. The ruler (mansa)=
Sundiata (d. 1260) receives credit for Malinke expansion and for a governing system based upon clan structure.&n=
bsp;
Sundiata's successors in this wealthy state extended Mansa Musa
Peak of Mali’s power
Mansa Kankan Musa’s pilgrimage
to Mecca during the 14th ce=
ntury became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way. He
returned with an
architect, Ishak al-Sahili=
who
created a distinctive Sudani=
c architecture utilizing beaten clay.
Mansa’s Hajj
He arrived in Cairo at the head of a huge caravan, which
included 60,000 people and 80
camels carrying more than two tons of gold to be distributed among the poor. Of the 12,000 servants who accompanied the =
caravan, 500 carried staffs of pure gold. <=
/span>Moussa spent lavishly in Egypt, giving away so many gold gifts—and making gold so plentiful—that its value fell in Cairo and d=
id =
not recover for a number of years
Impacts
In Cairo, the Sultan of Egypt received Musa with great respect, as a fellow Muslim. The splendor of=
his caravan caused a sensation and brought Mansa Musa =
and the Mali Empire fame throughout the Arab world=
. Mali had become so famous by the fourteenth century that it began to draw the attention of European mapmakers.
After visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina on <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:67.25%;left:11.42%;width:92.88%;height:5.5%=
'>his pilgrimage, Musa set out to build great mosque=
s, vast libraries, and madrasas (Islamic universities) throughout his kingdom. Many Arab scholars, including the poet and architect, Abu-Ishaq Ibrahi=
m-es-Saheli, who helped turn Timbuktu into a famous =
city of Islamic scholarship, returned with him.East Africa
Dependent on trade&=
#8230;maritime
trade.
Saw more urbanization than
the interior.
Strong presence of Islamic
merchants.
Cultural diffusion: Persia,
China, and India had
prominent presences.
Ibn Battuta.Urban development
As many as 30 towns flourished,
their number including Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi,
Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar. <=
/span>From
the 13th to the 15th century Kilwa was the most important.Cultural Impacts
The expansion of Islamic influence in the =
Indian Ocean facilitated commerce.
It built a common bond between rulers and trading families, and allowed them to operate =
under the cover of a common culture.
Apart from rulers and merchants, most of the population, even in the towns, retained African beliefs.&=
nbsp;
A dynamic culture developed, using Swahili as its language, and incorporating African and =
Islamic practices
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